ࡱ> #`bjbjmm4%tttttttd~<~<~<8<Bm5BCBC"dCdCdC?D?D?D0000000$%7h9V&0t?D?D?D?D?D&0ttdCdC'5?DātdCtdC0?D0N*tt/dC6C ~<&+0/=50m5+$99`//l9tl/?D?D?D?D?D?D?D&0&0 ?D?D?Dm5?D?D?D?Dd#~<~<Ttttttt Mvzu: 8. TDARKAT LOG0ST0KASI Plan: 1.TDARKATIN MAH0YYT0, MZMUNU V OBYEKT0V ZRUR0L0Y0 2.TDARKATIN PLANLA^DIRILMASI 3.MHSULGNDRNLR0N SE0LMS0 4.TDARKAT ZR HESABLA^MALARIN SAS FORMALARI V QAYDALARI 5.TDARKATIN HQUQ0 SASLARI 1.TDARKATIN MAH0YYT0, MZMUNU V OBYEKT0V ZRUR0L0Y0 TYdarkat1n mahiyyYti, mYzmunu vY obyektiv zYruriliyi cYmiyyYtin inki_af1 tarixinin materialist nqteyi-nYzYrdYn dYrk edilmYsi ilY bal1d1r. nki, maddi nemYtlYrin istehsal1 cYmiyyYtin ya_amas1 vY inki_af1 n zYruri hesab edilYn ba_l1ca _Yrtdir. 0ctimai qurulu_un Ysas1n1 tY_kil edYn istehsal vY YmYk blgs nYticYsindY mYhsullar1n1n mbadilY edilmYsi zYruriliyi vY bu bax1mdan cYmiyyYtin tYbYqYlY_mYsi tarixi inki_af1n materialistcYsinY dYrk edilmYsinY imkan yarad1r. Bir tYrYfdYn istehsal _YrtlYri ilY eyniyyYt tY_kil edYn blg _YrtlYri mahiyyYtcY istehsal _YrtlYrinin astar1n1 tY_kil edir, digYr tYrYfdYn isY zlYrinin tYbiYtinY grY onlar1n hYr ikisi tarixYn eyni dYrYcYdY keici xarakter da_1y1r. BelYliklY, istehsal prosesinin zYruri olan bu elementdYn ikisi  YmYk vasitYlYri vY YmYk predmetlYri ilY fasilYsiz tY'min edilmYsi tYkrar istehsal prosesinin zYruri _Yrtidir. Masir _YraitdY istehsal1n YmYk vasitYlYri vY ya YmYk predmetlYri ilY tY'min edilmYsi bazar iqtisadiyyat1n1n mahiyyYti vY xsusiyyYtlYri ilY mYyyYn edildiyindYn o mxtYlif formalarda hYyata keirilir. Bazar iqtisadiyyat1n1n Ysas mYqsYdi vY hYrYkYtverici qvvYsi, onun ilkin vY son nqtYsi yksYk bazar mYnfYYti YldY etmYkdYn ibarYtdir. Buna grY dY hYr bir mYhsul istehsal1s1, istehsal vahidi istehsal yerlYrinin yksYk keyfiyyYtli xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlarla tY'min olunmas1na vY haz1r mYhsullar1n sat1_1n1n sYmYrYli tY_kilinY al1_mal1d1r. 0stehsal yerlYrinin material resurslar1 ilY zYruri kYmiyyYtdY vY vaxtda tY'min edilmYsi mlkiyyYt formas1ndan vY tabeilik YlamYtindYn as1l1 olmayaraq hYr bir istehsal1 firma vY ya mYssisYnin sYrbYst fYaliyyYt sahYsi hesab edilmYklY tYdarkat i_i adlan1r. TYdarkat i_inin normal tY_kili istehsal1 firma vY ya mYssisYdY maddi-texniki tYchizat xidmYtini hYyata keirYn _bYlYrin mtY_Ykkillik sYviyyYsindYn as1l1d1r. nki maddi-texniki tYchizat1n dzgn tY_kili bir tYrYfdYn mYssisYyY laz1m olan material resurslar1n1n al1nmas1 n Ylveri_li tYdarkat bazarlar1n1n mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsinY, digYr tYrYfdYn isY material resurslar1n1n istehsal ehtiyat1 formas1nda qalmas1 vaxt1n1n q1sald1lmas1na sYbYb olur. BelYliklY, tYdarkat logistikas1 logistik sistem daxilindY yerinY yetirilYn ilk logistik YmYliyyat olmaqla xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlara, elYcY dY ehtiyat hissYlYrinY tYlYbat1n dYqiq mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi mYrhYlYsindYn ba_layaraq, hesablanm1_ tYlYbat1n seilmi_ tYdarkat bazar1ndan YldY edilmYsi, istehsal1 firmalar1n daxili anbarlar1na atd1r1lmas1 mYrhYlYsinY qYdYr hYyata keirilYn YmYliyyatlar kompleksidir. TYdarkat logistik YmYliyyatlar1n Ysas1n1 tY_kil edir. TYlYbin sYmYrYli dYnilmYsi isY bir s1ra vYzifYlYrin yerinY yetirilmYsi ilY _YrtlY_ir. mumi _YkildY bu vYzifYlYri a_a1dak1 kimi qrupla_d1rmaq olar: 1. 0stehsal sahYlYrinin vY ya yerlYrinin Ysas xammal vY materiallara, yar1m-fabrikatlara, habelY dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlara real tYlYbini mYyyYnlY_dirmYk. 2. sas xammal vY materiallar1n, dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlar1n tYlYb olunan zYruri vaxtda tYdarkat1n1 (bir tYrYfdYn materiallar1n mYyyYn edilmi_ zYruri vaxtdan YvvYl al1nmas1 dvriyyY fondlar1n1n iqtisadi gYrginliyini art1r1r, digYr tYrYfdYn isY mYhsul istehsal1 n laz1m olan materiallar1n istehsal proqram1nda nYzYrdY tutulan vaxtdan gec al1nmas1 bu proqram1n pozulmas1na vY ya onda mvafiq dYyi_ikliklYrin YmYlY gYlmYsinY sYbYb olur) hYyata keirmYk. 3. Xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlar1n sifari_ zrY tYlYb olunan hYcmi ilY gndYrmY vY ya kYmiyyYtcY qYbulu aras1nda mtYnasibliyi, uyunluu tY'min etmYk. Sifari_ normas1ndan art1q material vY dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlar1n qYbul edilmYsi normadan art1q vY lzumsuz mal-material qiymYtlilYrinin yaranmas1na vY bu Ysasda mYssisYnin maliyyY vYsaitlYrinin istehsal ehtiyatlar1 _YklindY dondurulmas1na _Yrait yarad1r. . Bu bax1mdan tYdarkat logistikas1nda mYhsulgndYrYnlYr mhm rol oynad1qlar1ndan onlarla iqtisadi mnasibYtlYrin qurulmas1nda a_a1dak1 Ysas prinsiplYrY riayYt olunmal1d1r: mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY firman1n (_irkYtin) m_tYrilYri kimi davranmal1; i_dY mumi iqtisadi mYnafelYrin vY ya maraqlar1n st-stY d_mYsinY nail olunmal1; mYhsulgndYrYnlYri firman1n mYqsYd vY vYzifYlYrilY tan1_ etmYli vY onlar1n i_gzar tYsYrrfat fYaliyyYtlYrindYn xYbYrdar olmal1; mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdY mYhsul al1nmas1 vY gndYrilmYsilY bal1 problemlYr yarand1qda onlar1n hYll edilmYsi n Yzmkarl1q nmayi_ etdirmYli; firman1n (_irkYtin) qYbul etdiyi mqavilY hdYliklYrinin yerinY yetirilmYsinY riayYt etmYli; mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin tYsYrrfat praktikas1nda mvcud maraqlar1n1 nYzYrY almal1; i_gzar alYmlY imkan daxilindY sabit YlaqYlYr yarad1lmal1 vY bunlar qorunub saxlanmal1d1r. Logistik dvrYnin tYdarkat mYrhYlYsindY optimal fYaliyyYtY tYkcY yuxar1da qeyd edilYn xarici amillYr deyil, eyni zamanda firman1n (_irkYtin) struktur blmYlYri aras1nda iqtisadi kompromislYrin axtar1l1b tap1lmas1 da tY'sir gstYrir. BelY ki, tYdarkat i_inin hYyata keirilmYsi ilk nvbYdY firman1n (_irkYtin) bazar siyasYti ilY tY'yin edildiyindYn onlar bazar1n tYlYbinY uyun mYhsul istehsal1na ba_lamaq n ilkin olaraq zlYrinin mvafiq nv xammal vY materiallara tYlYbatlar1n1 mYyyYnlY_dirmYlidirlYr. Firman1n tY_kilati strukturundan vY maliyyY vYziyyYtindYn as1l1 olaraq seilmi_ strategiyan1n realla_d1r1lmas1 ilY bir qayda olaraq marketoloqlar mY_ul olurlar. Sonrak1 mYrhYlYlYrdY tYdarkat bazar1 seilir, seilmi_ tYdarkat bazar1nda mYhsullar1n al1nmas1 n maliyyY imkanlar1 sYfYrbYr edilir. Daha dorusu, seimin realla_d1r1lmas1na laz1m olan maliyyY vYsaitlYrinin kYmiyyYti vY onlar1n dYnilmYsi mYnbYlYri (xsusi vY ya cYlb edilmi_) mYyyYnlY_dirilir. Firman1n mhasibatl11 isY mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY hesabla_man1n forma vY metodlar1n1 dYqiqlY_dirdikdYn sonra sanki xammal vY materiallar1n tYdarkat1na vY eyni zamanda mYhsul istehsal1na start vermi_ olur. 0stehsal proqram1n1n tYlYbinY uyun olaraq al1nm1_ xammal vY materiallar tYchizat _'bYsinin mYrkYzi anbarlar1ndan birba_a vY YksYr hallarda sexlYraras1 anbarlardan istehsal yerlYrinY trlr. Burada istehlak1lar1n tYlYblYrini dYyY bilYcYk mxtYlif sinfY, elYcY dY bu sinif daxilindY mxtYlif qrupa vY nvY malik mYhsullar istehsal edilmYklY haz1r mYhsul anbarlar1nda yerlY_dirilYrYk blg kanallar1 vasitYsilY al1c1lara atd1r1l1r. 0cra edilYn YmYliyyatlar1n yerinY yetirilmY ard1c1ll11 bir daha tYsdiq edir ki, firman1n struktur blmYlYri mumi logistik dvran1n ayr1-ayr1 hissYlYri olmalar1na baxmayaraq mumi mYqsYdY: az logistik xYrclYrlY yksYk bazar mYnfYYti YldY etmYk; istehsal, sat1_ vY haz1r mYhsul ehtiyatlar1n1n sYviyyYsini optimal hYddY atd1rmaq; normadan art1q material qiymYtlilYrinin yaranmas1na yol vermYmYk; sifari_lYri vaxt1-vaxt1nda yerinY yetirmYk; firman1n istehsal1 mYssisY kimi imicini yksYltmYk; normal logistik servis xidmYtlYri gstYrmYk n logistik sistemin elementlYri olaraq taml1q, btvllk, qar_1l1ql1 YlaqY vY keyfiyyYt kimi xassYlYrY malik olmal1d1rlar. 0qtisadiyyat1n yeni sahYlYrinin inki_af etmYsi vY mxtYlif istehlak xassYlYrinY malik mYhsullar1n bazarda tY_Ykkl tapmas1 xammal vY materiallar1n tYdark ilY bal1 olan mYsYlYlYri YtinlY_dirir. TYdarkat i_inin mvYffYq hYyata keirilmYsi n tYdarkat bazar1 haqq1nda geni_ vY dolun informasiyalar1 YldY etmYk laz1md1r. Toplanm1_ informasiyalar1 tYhlil etmYk vY nYticY e'tibar1 ilY onlar1 qiymYtlYndirmYklY tYdarkat bazar1n1n tutumunu vY tYdarkat1n optimal hYcmini mYyyYnlY_dirmYk mmkn olur. TYdarkat bazar1n1n tYdqiqi vY yrYnilmYsi zaman1 problemin qoyulu_una xsusi diqqYt yetirilmYlidir. nki tYdarkat bazar1n1n yrYnilmYsi zaman1 firma vY mYssisYlYrin bu bazarda  a) istehsal1 mYssisY, haz1r mYhsulgndYrYn vY ya b) material resurslar1n1n istehlak1s1 kimi 1x1_ etmYsinin taktika vY strategiyas1n1 mYyyYnlY_dirYn ikili yana_madan istifadY olunur. TYdqiqat i_inin apar1lmas1nda tYdavl xYrclYrinin nisbi kYmiyyYti, xsusi sat1_ proqram1nda ba_ verYn dYyi_ikliklYr, elmi-texniki tYrYqqinin nailiyyYtlYrindYn istifadY, sat1_ bazar1nda firman1n (_irkYtin) xsusi Ykisinin artmas1, rYqabYt mhiti, mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin mYhsulgndYrmY intizam1na YmYl etmYlYri vY onlar1n birdYfYlik tYrYf mqabilinY evrilmYsi, gYlYcYkdY yeni tYdarkat bazarlar1n1n YmYlY gYlmYsi vY bu bazarda fYaliyyYt mexanizmi, tYdarkat1n kYmiyyYtcY qeyri-mYyyYnliyi kimi amillYrin nYzYrY al1nmas1 mtlYq vacibdir. Bazar1n tYdqiqi mvafiq ard1c1ll1qlar gzlYnilmYklY hYyata keirilmYlidir: bazar probleminin mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi; mYsYlYnin qoyulu_u; tYdqiqat plan1n1n i_lYnmYsi; informasiyaya tYlYbat1n tYhlili; informasiya mYnbYlYrinin axtar1lmas1; tYdarkat zrY qYrarlar1n qYbul edilmYsi. TYdqiqat1n apar1lmas1 ard1c1ll11ndan grndy kimi firmalar (_irkYtlYr) tYdarkat bazar1n1 tYdqiq etmYk n zlYrinin bu bazarla bal1 olan problemlYrini mYyyYnlY_dirmYlidir. Problemin dzgn mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi firmalar1n tYsYrrfat fYaliyyYtinY YhYmiyyYtli dYrYcYdY tY'sir gstYrmYklY mYsYlYnin hYlli n tYdqiqat plan1n1n i_lYnib haz1rlanmas1n1 zYruriyyYtY evirir. TYdqiqat plan1n1n realla_d1r1lmas1 mxtYlif sYpkili informasiyalara Ysasland11ndan ilk ncY zYruri informasiyan1n tipi, YldY edilmYsi mYnbYlYri, y11lmas1 sullar1 vY tYhlil metodlar1 mYyyYnlY_dirilmYlidir. Xammal vY materiallar1n tYdarkat1 bazar1n1n tYdqiq edilmYsi zaman1 firmalar1n (_irkYtlYrin) hans1 tip tYdarkat bazar1nda fYaliyyYt gstYrmYsi dY byk YhYmiyyYtY malikdir. TYdarkat bazar1n1n tiplYrinin tY'yin edilmYsi firmalara (mYssisYlYrY) imkan verir ki, onlar zlYrinin fYaliyyYt istiqamYtlYrini asanl1qla mYyyYnlY_dirYrYk tYdarkatla bal1 i_lYrini tez hYll etmi_ olsunlar. TYdarkat logistikas1nda belY bazarlar a_a1dak1 kimi tYsnif olunur: xammal vY materiallara tYlYbat1 dYyYn bazarlar; mYhsulgndYrYnlYr tYrYfindYn istifadY edilYn bazarlar; tam vY qismYn YvYz edilYn mYhsullar bazar1; yeni bazarlar. Seilmi_ mYqsYd bazar1n1n tYdqiq edilmYsi informasiyalar1n toplanmas1na Ysaslan1r. Toplanm1_ informasiyalar bazarda tYlYb vY tYklifin mvcud vYziyyYtini, elYcY dY bazar tarazl11n1n meydana gYlmYsi _YrtlYrini Yks etdirmYklY a_a1dak1 suallara cavab vermYlidir: tYdqiq edilYn bazar1n qurulu_u necYdir; tYdqiq edilYn bazar necY tY_kil edilmi_dir; bazar1n qurulu_u gYlYcYkdY necY olacaq vY onun tY_kili hans1 prinsiplYrY Ysaslanacaq. Qeyd edilYn mYsYlYlYri hYll etmYk mYqsYdilY informasiyalar aspektdY qrupla_d1r1l1r: bazar1n masir tYhlili; bazar konyukturas1n1n dYyi_ilmYsi dinamikas1; bazar dYyi_kYnliyinin proqnozla_d1r1lmas1. 0stehsal-texniki tY'yinatl1 mYhsullar zrY potensial istehlak1lar1n sifari_lYri tYdarkat bazar1n1n tYhlil edilmYsi n mhm vasitY hesab edilir. MYhz bu sifari_lYrdYn istifadY etmYklY bazar1 potensial tYlYbY istiqamYtlYndirmYk mmkn olur. Material resurslar1n1n hYcmi, mYhsulgndYrmYnin mddYti vY mYhsullar1n istehsal istehlak1na ynYldilmYsi sat1_ bazar1n1n nYticYsi kimi istehsal proqram1ndan as1l1d1r. 0stehsal proqram1n1n yerinY yetirilmYsi n onun xammal vY materiallarla tYmin edilmYsi mexanizmi bir s1ra firmalar1 (_irkYtlYri) mumi bir problemlY qar_1-qar_1ya qoyur. BelY ki, onlar bir tYrYfdYn istehsal proqram1n1 sadY vY hYr vaxt iqtisadi cYhYtdYn sYmYrYli olmayan xammal vY materiallarla tY'min etmYk, digYr tYrYfdYn isY iqtisadi bax1mdan Ylveri_li materiallar1n al1nmas1 izafi vaxt tYlYb etdiyindYn bu proqram1n icras1n1 mYyyYn mddYtY qYdYr lYngitmYk vY ya saxlamaqla yerinY yetirmYk mYcburiyyYtindY qal1rlar. Bazar1 tYdqiq etdikdYn vY konkret mYhsulgndYrYnlYri sedikdYn sonra tYdarkat _bYsi konkret mYhsulgndYrmYlYr n firman1n (_irkYtin) tYlYbat1n1 mYyyYnlY_dirir. TYlYbat1n tY'yin edilmYsi ehtiyatlar1n idarY edilmYsi strategiyas1na Ysaslan1r vY iki: sifari_lYr vY mYsrYf metodu Ysas1nda mYyyYnlY_ir. TYlYbat1n plana uyun tYyini keyfiyyYt vY kYmiyyYt zrY mYhsul vY xidmYtlYrin a_kar edilmYsi demYkdir. Sifari_lYr Ysas1nda tYlYbat1 mYyyYnlY_dirmYk mmkn olmad1qda vY ya bu metodun tYtbiqi iqtisadi cYhYtdYn mYqsYdYuyun hesab edilmYdikdY mYsrYf metodundan istifadY olunur. Proqnozla_d1r1lan tYlYbat bu halda sadY hesablama metodlar1n1n kmYyilY tYyin edilir. ksYr hallarda tYsYrrfat praktikas1nda buna YlavY kimi proqnozla_d1rman1n intuitiv metodundan da (mYsrYflYr hYr hans1 ixtiyari xarici faktorlar1n tY'sirinY mY'ruz qalm1r) istifadY edilir. QYrb lkYlYrindY istehsal1 firmalar (mYssisYlYr) tYrYfindYn YldY edilYn istehsal-texniki tYyinatl1 mYhsullar tYdarkat1n nvlYri vY al1_ metodlar1na grY tYsnif edilir. BelY tYsnif etmY istehsal-texniki tY'yinatl1 mYhsullar1n nvlYrinY (xammal vY materiallar, yanacaq, dYstlY_dirici mYmulatlar vY avadanl1qlar) vY saxlanma _YrtlYrinY grY apar1l1r. TYdarkat bazar1nda seilmi_ mYhsullar1n gndYrilmYsi sullar1 da mxtYlifliyinY grY fYrqlYnir. vvYlcYdYn tYlYbat1 mYyyYnlY_dirilmYyYn vY uzunmddYtli anbarla_d1rmaya ehtiyac1 olmayan xammal vY materiallar1n al1nmas1 vY gndYrilmYsi onlar1n istehsal istehlak1 yax1nla_d1qca hYyata keirilir. NYqliyyat xYrclYri tYchizat i_ini yerinY yetirYn kommersiya tY_kilatlar1n1n vY nYqliyyat _irkYtlYrinin diqqYt mYrkYzindY olmal1d1r. MxtYlif tYyinatl1 istehsal vasitYlYrinin tYdarkat1n1 hYyata keirYn zaman nYqliyyat xYrclYrini azaltmaq n tYkcY yk da_1ma mYntYqYlYri aras1nda mYsafY deyil, hYminin nYqliyyat1n nv, mYhsulgndYrmYnin srYti, yk partiyas1 vY onlar1n qabla_d1r1lmas1 sullar1, qar1_1q vY qar_1l1ql1 mYhsulgndYrmY metodlar1n1n seilmYsi vY s. nYzYrY al1nmal1d1r. TYdarkat i_indY nYqliyyat xYrclYri ilY bYrabYr materiallar1n saxlan1lmas1 zaman1 yaranan YlaqYdar xYrclYrin dY uota al1nmas1 mhm YhYmiyyYtY malikdir. Burada tYchizat1n birmY'nal1 mYqsYdi  istehsal ehtiyatlar1n1n minimum hYddi daxilindY mYhsul istehsal1 zrY tap_1r1qlar1n sYmYrYli icra edilmYsinY nail olmaqdan ibarYtdir. Qeyd etmYk laz1md1r ki, masir iqtisadi _YraitdY apar1c1 kapitalist lkYlYrinY mYxsus olan firma vY ya _irkYtlYr istehsal yerlYri vY ya sahYlYrinin Ysas nv xammal vY materiallar, yar1mfabrikatlar vY mxtYlif dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlarla tYchiz edilmYsindY Ysasl1 problemlYrlY zlY_mYdiklYrindYn (vY ya tYchizat i_ini yksYk sYviyyYdY tY_kil etdiklYrindYn) onlar1n tYchizatla mY_ul olan orqanlar1 normadan art1q ehtiyatlar1n yarad1lmas1 problemlYri ilY dY qar_1la_m1rlar. Bu he dY o demYk deyildir ki, bazar iqtisadiyyat1 yolu ilY inki_af edYn lkYlYrin istehsal sahYlYrindY ehtiyatlar yarad1lm1r vY ya bunun n he bir vadaredici sYbYblYr dY mvcud deyil. TYdarkat bazar1nda xsusi YkiyY malik olan istehsal1 firmalar1n (mYssisYlYrin) idarYetmY aparat1 belY qYnaYtY gYlmi_dir ki, bu bazarla YlaqYlYrin dzgn qurulmas1 vY burada tYdarkat i_inin optimal planla_d1r1lmas1 firman1n (_irkYtin) sat1_ bazar1nda normal fYaliyyYtinY zYmin yarad1r. Firmalar (_irkYtlYr) zlYrinin tYchizat siyasYtini haz1rlayan zaman YsasYn iki mhm: NYzYrdY tutulan tYdarkat1n YhYmiyyYti (istehsal edilYn mYhsulun spesifik xsusiyyYtlYrinY potensial tYsir etmY; istehsal xYrclYrinin sYviyyYsinin azald1lmas1 vY mYnfYYt hYcminin yksYldilmYsi); MYhsulgndYrmY bazar1n1n spesifik xsusiyyYtlYri (bazar imkanlar1n1n mYhdudluu; bazara nfuz edilmYsi yolunda maneYlYrin mvcudluu; bazar1n monopolist vY oliqopolist xarakteri) kimi aspeklYrY daha ox diqqYt ynYltmYlidirlYr. SYnaye firmalar1n1n maddi-texniki tYminat1nda mhm mYsYlYlYrdYn biri dY al1nan xammal vY materiallar1n, dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlar1n keyfiyyYtidir. MYhsulun keyfiyyYti  onun z tYyinat1na mvafiq mYyyYn tYlYbat1 dYmYyY yararl1 olmas1n1 _YrtlYndirYn znYmYxsus xassYlYrin mYjmusudur. Bu bax1mdan xammal vY materiallar1n keyfiyyYti daxili vY beynYlxalq tYdarkat bazarlar1nda sYrt rYqabYt mhitinin mvcudluu _YraitindY fYaliyyYt gstYrYn potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYr aras1nda byk aktuall1a malikdir. TYdarkat praktikas1nda a_a1 keyfiyyYtli mYhsullar1n gndYrilmYsi hallar1 da m_ahidY edilir. Bununla YlaqYdar istehlak1 firmalar a_a1 keyfiyyYtli mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin hYcminin azald1lmas1na ynYldilmi_ mxtYlif iqtisadi tYdbirlYr sistemi haz1rlay1r vY hYyata keirirlYr. MYhz belY hallarla rastla_an firmalar mYhsullar1 sYbYbkar mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY dYyYri vY da_1nma haqlar1 (tYdarkat mqavilYlYrindY nYzYrdY tutulduqda) dYnilmYdYn geri qaytar1r vY mvafiq cYrimY sanksiyalar1 tYtbiq edirlYr. Son illYrdY dnya praktikas1nda al1nacaq mYhsullar1n keyfiyyYtini yksYltmYk, tYdarkat mqavilYlYrinin balanmas1 prosedurunu vY onlar1n yerinY yetirilmYsinY nYzarYt mexanizmini sadYlY_dirmYk n mYhsulgndYrYn firmalarla bir s1ra YmYkda_l1q formalar1, o cmlYdYn assosiasiyalar meydana gYlmi_dir. BelY assosiasiyalar bir qayda olaraq hidravlika, pnevmatika, elektron vY elektrotexnika kimi zYruri komponentlYrY Ysaslanan mrYkkYb texnologiyal1 sYnaye robotlar1n1n istehsal1, evik istehsal idarYetmY sistemlYrinin yarad1lmas1, istehsal texnoloji sistem-lYr n periferik avadanl1qlar1n istehsal1 vY qura_d1r1lmas1 zrY ixtisasla_m1_lar. BelYliklY, tYdarkat logistikas1n1n funksiyalar1n1 a_a1dak1 kimi formala_d1rmaq olar: mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY optimal tYsYrrfat YlaqYlYrinin qurulmas1; istehsal1n maddi texniki tY'minat1n1n planla_d1r1lmas1 vY tY_kili; istehsal n zYruri material resurslar1n1n tYdarkat1n1n tY_kili vY onlar1n da_1nmas1; materiallar1n anbarla_d1r1lmas1, saxlanmas1 vY istehsal istehlak1na haz1rlanmas1; istehsal1 mYssisYnin sex vY digYr blmYlYrinin maddi texniki tY'minat1n1n tY_kili; mYssisYnin anbarlar1nda istehsal ehtiyatlar1n1n idarY edilmYsi; material resurslar1na qYnaYt edilmYsi zrY proqramlar1n haz1rlanmas1 vY onun yerinY yetirilmYsinY nYzarYt i_i; tYchizat n ayr1lm1_ smeta xYrclYrinin dzgn mYsrYf edilmYsinY nYzarYtin tY_kili; mYhsulgndYrYnlYr zrY kredit borclar1na nYzarYt vY onlar1n azald1lmas1 n mvafiq iqtisadi tYdbirlYrin hYyata keirilmYsi; btn istehsal blmYlYri ilY raz1la_maqla material resurslar1n1n hYrYkYti zrY plan-qrafiklYrin haz1rlanmas1 vY yerinY yetirilmYsi. Bazar iqtisadiyyat1 yolu ilY inki_af edYn lkYlYrdY istehsal yerlYrinin ayr1-ayr1 materiallara tYlYbat1n1n dYnilmYsini tYnzimlYyY bilYn i_lYk mexanizm  kontrakt sistemi mvcuddur. Praktikada zn tYsdiq etmi_ bu mYhsuldar sistem ilk dYfY 70-ci illYrin sonlar1nda 80-c1 illYrin YvvYllYrindY ^Yrqi Almaniyada tYtbiq edilmi_dir. Bazar iqtisadiyyat1na kemi_ lkYlYrdY korporasiya (birlik), firma vY mYssisYlYrin istehsal-texniki tY'yinatl1 mYhsullarla tY'min edilmYsindY indikativ planla_d1rman1n tYrkib hissYsi hesab edilYn konrakt sistemi mstYsna YhYmiyyYtY malikdir. .. Kontraktlar korporasiyalar1n firma daxili planlar1n1 YlaqYlYndirmYklY istehsal1n istehsal vasitYlYrilY elY bir qidaland1rma sistemini yarad1r ki, dvlYtin nY inzibati, nY dY digYr buna bYnzYr formalarda onlar1n fYaliyyYtinY mdaxilY etmYsinY ehtiyaj qalm1r(12). DemYli, kontrakt - mumi formada iqtisadi subyektlYr aras1nda hquq vY vYzifYlYrin mYyyYn olunmas1, dYyi_ilmYsi vY ya lYv edilmYsi haqq1nda qar_1l1ql1 (ikitYrfYli) mqavilY sYnYdidir. TYsnifetmY prinsipinY grY kontraktlar a_a1dak1 nvlYrY blnr: birdYfYlik; dvri; qar1_1q dYni_ (pul vY ya YmttY) formal1. Balanma formas1na grY isY q1sa vY uzun mddYtli kontraktlar1 fYrqlYndirirlYr. Q1samddYtli kontraktlar bir qayda olaraq anbarda saxlan1lan haz1r (istehsal-texniki tYyinatl1) mYhsullarla istehsal yerlYrinin maddi tYminat1 zaman1 balan1r. Bu kontraktlar1n fYaliyyYt mddYti iki hYftYdYn iki ilY qYdYr (ondan art1q uzunmddYtli hesab edilir) olur. mtYY formas1nda olan kontraktlar da mYyyYn miqdarda bir mYhsulun vY ya mYhsul nomenklaturas1n1n, hYmin miqdarda digYr mYhsul vY ya mYhsul nomenkla-turas1na sadY mbadilYsi apar1l1r. Bu kontraktlarda birdYfYlik vY dvri olmaqla hYm mYyyYn miqdarda, hYm dY mYyyYn mYblYdY mYhsulun dYyi_dirilmYsi raz1la_d1r1l1r. Qar1_1q dYni_-kompensasiya (pul) formal1 kontraktlarda bYrabYr dYyYrli mYhsullar1n qar_1l1ql1 sat1_1 hYyata keirilir. mtYY formas1ndan fYrqli olaraq bu kontraktda iki vY daha art1q mYhsul nvlYrinin sat1_1 nYzYrdY tutulduundan tYrYflYr YsasYn mYhsullar1n qiymYtini raz1la_1rlar. Xammal vY materiallara tYlYbat1n hYcmi mYyyYnlY_dikdYn sonra istehsal1 firman1n maddi texniki tYchizat xidmYti tYdarkat bazar1nda fYaliyyYt gstYrmYk n Ylveri_li metodlar axtar1r vY mYhsulgndYrmYlYri tY_kil edir. Son illYrdY istehsal1 firmalar1n konkret materiallara tYlYbinin dYnilmYsi istiqamYtindY bir s1ra tYchizat metodlar1 i_lYnib haz1rlanm1_d1r: Kanban metodu (konveyer istehsal1 _YraitindY mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin idarY edilmYsi mYqsYdilY ilk dYfY Yaponiyada tYtbiq edilmYyY ba_lam1_d1r); Materiallara tYlYbat1n planla_d1r1lmas1 sistemi (MTP). Bu sistem planla_d1r-man1n sYviyyYsini YhatY edir: birinci sYviyyYdY proqram planla_d1rma, ikinci sYviyyYdY materiallar1n bl_drlmYsi vY nc sYviyyYdY isY ehtiyatlar1n idarY edilmYsi hYyata keirilir MYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY uzunmddYtli nmunYvi kontraktlar1n balanmas1n1 nYzYrdY tutan sifari_lYr zrY tYjhizat sistemi. Materiallara faktiki tYlYbatlar yarand1qca istehlak1 firmalar mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY onun dYnilmYsi mddYtlYrini mqavilYdY nYzYrdY tutulan ard1c1ll1a YmYl etmYklY mYrhYlY - mYrhYlY dYqiqlY_dirirlYr. Ba_qa szlY, istehsal proqram1n1n yerinY yetirilmYsi n al1nmas1 nYzYrdY tutulan ayr1-ayr1 materiallara tYlYbat yarand1qca tYrtib edilmi_ sifari_lYr mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY tYqdim edilir. 8.1. TDARKATIN PLANLA^DIRILMASI 0stehsal1n ahYngdar vY fasilYsiz gedi_ini tY'min etmYk vY bu Ysasda sat1_ bazar1na laz1m olan mYhsullar1 istehlak1 tYlYbinY uyun keyfiyyYtdY haz1rlamaq n zYruri material resurslar1na tYlYbat vY onun dYnilmYsi mYnbYlYri mYyyYnlY_dirilir - tYdarkat plan1 tYrtib edilir. Makro vY mikro logistik sYviyyYdY tYrtib edilYn tYdarkat planlar1n1 bir-birindYn fYrqlYndirmYk laz1md1r. Bu fYrq YsasYn onlar1n tYrtib edilmY sYviyyYsindY vY tYdarkat1n hYcmindY tYzahr edir. nki, mikrosYviyyYdY tYrtib edilYn tYdarkat planlar1 makrosYviyyYli (topdansat1_ ticarYtini hYyata keirYn ticarYt vasitYilik strukturlar1 sYviyyYsindY) tYdarkat planlar1n1n tYrtibindY element kimi 1x1_ edir. Daha dorusu, makrosYviyyYli tYdarkat planlar1 hYm ayr1-ayr1 istehsal1 firma vY ya mYssisYlYrdYn daxil olan tYdarkat planlar1, hYm dY zlYrinY nisbYtYn a_a1 ranqa malik logistik vasitYi strukturlardan daxil olan tYdarkat (icmal) planlar1 Ysas1nda tYrtib edilir. Buna grY dY mikrosYviyyYli tYdarkat planlar1n1n tYrtibi zaman1 tYsYrrfat subyektlYrindYn daha ox diqqYtli olmaq tYlYb olunur. ... nki, istehsal YgYr bir tYrYfdYn mYssisYyY material ax1n1n1n son mYntYqYsidirsY, digYr tYrYfdYn, materiallara tYlYbat1n mYyyYn edildiyi ilkin mYrhYlYdir(12). Bu mYrhYlYdY burax1-lan, yol verilYn ixtiyari xYta makrosYviyyYdY tYkarlan1r vY onun aradan qald1r1lmas1 sonrak1 mYrhYlYlYrdY mrYkkYblik yarad1r. TYdarkat logistikas1n1n sYmYrYli fYaliyyYt gstYrmYsi n ilk nvbYdY istehsal proqram1n1n yerinY yetirilmYsinY laz1m olan istehsal vasitYlYrinY, o cmlYdYn materiallara, alYt vY avadanl1qlara, yanacaq vY srtk materiallar1na, habelY bitmYmi_ istehsal1n dYyi_mYsi ilY YlaqYdar materiallara tYlYbat1 dYqiq vY dzgn mYyyYnlY_dirmYk tYlYb olunur. Buna grY dY istehsal1 firma vY mYssisYlYrin ayr1-ayr1 struktur blmYlYri vY maddi-mYsul _YxslYri vahid tYdarkat planlar1 tYrtib edYn zaman a_a1dak1: sifari_ paketinY vY mYsrYf normalar1na grY tYlYbat1n mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi vY onun iqtisadi tYhlili; tYfsillY_dirmY sYnYdlYrinin tYrtibi, zYruri materiallar1n texniki xarakteristikas1n1n hYrtYrYfli mYyyYn olunmas1; tYdarkat bazar1n1n seilmYsi vY potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin siyah1s1n1n tYrtib edilmYsi; istehsal-texniki tY'yinatl1 mYhsullar1n qiymYti, keyfiyyYti, mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin istehlak1lara corafi bax1mdan yax1nl11, mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin ahYngdarl11 vY s. parametrlYrY grY Yn Ylveri_li mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi; seilmi_ mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY i_gzar dan1_1qlar1n (yaz1_malar1n) apar1lmas1 vY tYdarkat mqavilYlYrinin balanmas1; tYdarkat metodunun mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi; material resurslar1n1n tYdarkat1 ilY bal1 mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY istehlak1lar aras1nda qar_1l1ql1 fYaliyyYtin tY'min edilmYsi; kYmiyyYt vY keyfiyyYt parametrlYri, qYbul edilmi_ mYhsullar1n anbarlarda yerlY_dirilmYsinin tY_kili kimi mYsYlYlYri birgY hYll etmYlidirlYr. Ba_qa szlY, istehsal1 firman1n haz1r mYhsul bazar1nda normal fYaliyyYti mYhz bu tYdarkat planlar1n1n dzgn tYrtib olunmas1 vY Ylveri_li (rasional) realla_d1r1lmas1 dYrYcYsindYn as1l1d1r. TYdarkat1n planla_d1r1lmas1 istehsal kommersiya fYaliyyYtini hYyata keirYn mYssisYlYrin normal iqtisadi fYaliyyYtinin Ysas strategiyas1 hesab olunur.TYdarkat1n planla_d1r1lmas1 material resurslar1na tYlYbat1n mYyyYnlY_-dirilmYsindYn ba_lay1r. Bu tYlYbat1n tY'yin edilmYsi n isY ilkin mYrhYlY istehsal1 mYssisYnin son mYhsul burax1l1_1n1n optimal hYcmi hesab olunur. Material resurslar1na tYlYbat1n mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi n: tYn hesabat ilindY material resurslar1n1n istehlak dinamikas1n1n tYhlili; optimal mYhsul istehsal1n1 tY'min etmYk n tYlYb olunan material resurslar1n1n nomenklaturas1 vY mumi hYcminin tY'yin edilmYsi; material resurslar1n1n keyfiyyYt parametrlYrinY qoyulan tYlYblYrin mYyyYn-lY_dirilmYsi; mYssisYnin anbar1nda material ehtiyatlar1n1n inventarizasiyas1n1n apar1lmas1; material vY dYstlY_dirici mYmulatlar1n xsusi istehsalda haz1rlanmas1 imkanlar1n1n yrYnilmYsi; kYnardan al1nacaq material resurslar1n1n zYruri kYmiyyYtinin tY'yin edilmYsi kimi i_lYri hYyata keirmYk laz1md1r. Material resurslar1na tYlYbat1n mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi, mumilikdY gtrdkdY firma vY mYssisYlYrdY tYdarkat1n planla_d1r1lmas1 maddi - texniki tYchizat xidmYti orqanlar1 ilY mYssisYnin layihYlY_dirmY xidmYtinin birgY fYaliyyYti Ysas1nda hYyata keirilir. Bir tYrYfdYn layihY xidmYti maddi-texniki tYchizat xidmYti orqanlar1na tYlYb olunan material resurslar1n1n kYmiyyYt vY keyfiyyYti haqq1nda informasiyalar1 tYqdim edir, digYr tYrYfdYn isY tYchizat xidmYti orqanlar1 layihYlY_dirmY xidmYtini tYdarkat bazar1ndak1 potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYr, material resurslar1 vY onlar1n keyfiyyYti, qiymYti vY s. haqq1nda informasiyalarla tYmin edir. Planla_d1rman1n keyfiyyYtli apar1lmas1, istehsal1n fasilYsiz tYmin edilmYsi vY istehsal (sat1_) ehtiyatlar1n1n minimumla_d1r1lmas1 mYsYlYlYri aras1nda mvcud olan ziddiyyYt problemin qar_1l1ql1 kompromislYr Ysas1nda hYllinY YhYmiyyYtli tY'sir gstYrir. YYni, materiallara tYlYbat1n dzgn hesablanmamas1 istehsal prosesi zaman1 material at1_mamazl11 vY ya YksinY - normativdYn (yol verilYn hYddYn) art1q material resurslar1n1n tYsYrrfat dvriyyYsindYn kYnarda qalmas1 ilY nYticYlYnir. Bu isY z nvbYsindY istehsal1 firma vY mYssisYlYrin iqtisadi vY maliyyY gstYricilYrinY pis tY'sir gstYrir, istehsal1n iqtisadi sYmYrYliliyini a_a1 sal1r. TYdarkat plan1 tYrtib edilYrkYn qar_1ya qoyulan Ysas mYqsYd sifari_ olunan materiallara tYlYbat1 vY sat1_ bazar1n1n mvqeyini (mvcud vYziyyYtini) qiymYtlYn-dirmYklY istehsal xYrclYrinin a_a1 sal1nmas1 vY istehsal1 mYssisYnin ahYngdar i_inin tYmin edilmYsindYn ibarYtdir. Bazar iqtisadiyyat1 _YraitindY hYr bir istehsal1 firma vY mYssisYnin tYlYb olunan material resurslar1 ilY vaxt1nda vY yksYk sYviyyYdY tY'min edilmYsi n tYdarkat plan1 texniki-iqtisadi cYhYtdYn Ysasland1r1lmal1d1r. Bunun n istehsal1 firma vY mYssisYlYrdY marketinq tYdqiqatlar1 Ysas1nda istehsal olunacaq haz1r mYhsulun hYcmi vY e_idi planla_d1r1l1r vY hYr konkret mYsrYf normalar1 zrY maddi-texniki tYchizat plan1 tYrtib edilir. BelYliklY, istehsal yerlYri vY ya sahYlYri n material resurslar1n1n tYdark edilmYsi maddi-texniki tY'minat i_inin ba_lan1c vY mYsuliyyYtli tYrYfi hesab edilir. TYlYbat1n mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi, tYhlili vY sifari_ edilYn material hYjminin hesablanmas1. 0stehsal proqram1n1n yerinY yetirilmYsi n zYruri olan materiallar1n tYdarka-t1n1n planla_d1r1lmas1 prosesindY a_a1dak1 amillYr mtlYq nYzYrY al1nmal1d1r: tYlYb olunan materiallar1n nomenklaturas1, sinfi, qrupu, alt qrupu vY e_idi; mYhsul istehsal1na laz1m olan istehsal resurslar1n1n hYcmi; istehsal yerlYrindY materiallara tYlYbat1n yaranmas1 vaxt1; mYhsulgndYrYn firmalar1n mYhsulgndYrmY imkanlar1; istehlak1 firmalar1n mal-material qiymYtlilYrini saxlamaq n mvcud anbar sahYlYri vY anbar qurular1; materiallar1n tYdark edilmYsi ilY bal1 olan tYdarkat xYrclYri vY onlar1n sYviyyYsi; istehlak1 firmalarda tYlYb olunan mvafiq nv dYstlY_dirici vY ehtiyat hissYlYrinin daxili imkanlar hesab1na istehsal edilmYsi mmknly. MYhsul istehsal1 n laz1m olan zYruri materiallar1n hYcminin vY onlar1n mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdYn daxil olunmas1 dvrililiyinin mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi n elmi cYhYtdYn Ysasland1r1lm1_ vY praktikada tYtbiq edilmi_ bir s1ra metodlar mvcuddur. Logistikada materiallara tYlYbat1n hesablanmas1nda determinYlY_dirilmi_, stoxastik vY evristik metodlardan da istifadY edilir. DeterminYlY_dirilmi_ metod sifari_lYrin yerinY yetirilmYsi dvr vY elYcY dY materiallara tYlYbat1n hYcmi vY yaranma vaxt1 mYlum olduqda tYtbiq edilir. GzlYnilYn tYlYbat1n hesablanmas1 n riyazi  statistik metodlar1n tYtbiqinY ehtiyac yarand1qda ikinci - stoxastik metoda stnlk verilir. nc metodun tYtbiqi isY tYlYbat1n hesablanmas1nda i_i heyYtinin tYcrbYsinY Ysaslan1r. TYdarkat1n hYcminin, tYdarkat1n dvrililiyinin vY vaxt1n1n tYyin edilmYsindY sadalanan hYr metod dYqiqliyi, vaxt mYsrYfi, gstYrilYn xidmYtin dYyYri bax1m1ndan bir s1ra stnlklYrY vY at1_mazl1qlara malikdir. Odur ki, materiallara tYlYbat1n hesablanmas1 zaman1 tYtbiq edilYn bu metodlar1n seilmYsinY: istehlak1 firma vY ya mYssisYnin ixtisasla_ma dYrYcYsi; sifari_inin maliyyY vY istehsal imkanlar1; istehlak edilYn xammal vY materiallar1n nv; istehsal olunan haz1r mYhsulun nv; anbar tYsYrrfat1n1n vYziyyYti vY anbarlar1n ixtisasla_ma dYrYcYsi; ehtiyatlar1n sYviyyYsinY nYzarYt metodlar1 vY sair amillYr tYsir gstYrir. 0stehsal1 firma vY mYssisYlYrdY material resurslar1na tYlYbat materiallar1n mYsrYf istiqamYtlYri zrY, mYsYlYn, istehsal proqram1n1n yerinY yetirilmYsi, tY'mir istismar ehtiyaclar1n1n dYnilmYsi, istehsal ehtiyatlar1n1n yarad1lmas1, habelY elmi-tYdqiqat vY tYcrbY layihY i_lYrinin yerinY yetirilmYsi n laz1m olan materiallara tYlYbat hesablan1r. 8.2. MHSULGNDRNLR0N SE0LMS0 TYdarkat prosesi bir-birilY qar_1l1ql1 YlaqYdY olan fYaliyyYtlYri zndY birlY_dirir. 0lkin olaraq bu proses sifari_lYrin haz1rlanmas1 mYrhYlYsindYn ba_layaraq tYlYb edilYn material resurslar1n1n nYzYrdY tutulan keyfiyyYt parametrlYrinY YmYl olunmaqla verilYn vaxt YrivYsindY laz1mi yerlYrY Ylveri_li _YrtlYrlY atd1r1lmas1ndan ibarYtdir. Daha dorusu, tYdarkat prosesi istehsal proqram1 vY haz1r mYhsul sat1_1 bazar1n1n tYlYblYri Ysas1nda haz1rlanm1_ vY konkret mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY nvanlanm1_ sifari_-lYrin yerinY yetirilmYsilY yekunla_1r. Buna grY dY material resurslar1n1n tYdarkat1 n haz1rlanan vY ayr1-ayr1 mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY tYqdim edilYn sifari_lYr vaxt1nda tYrtib olunmal1, mYhsulgndYrYnlYr dYqiq vY dzgn seilmYli, mYhsulgndYrmY mqavilYlYri tYrYflYrin btn mY'suliyyYt vY hdYliklYrini nYzYrY almaqla vaxt1nda tYrtib edilmYli vY balanmal1d1r. Bu vY ya digYr nv material resurslar1n1n tYdark edilmYsi haqq1nda qYrar qYbul etdikdYn sonra mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY mnasibYtlYrin rYsmilY_dirilmYsi ilY bal1 mYsYlY meydana 1x1r. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY mnasibYtlYrin rYsmilY_dirilmYsi n tYlYbnamYlYrdYn vY sifari_lYrdYn istifadY olunur. TYlYbnamY  bu mYssisYlYrlY tYdarkat mnasibYtlYrinY girYn vY onlar1n gndYrilYcYk mYhsullara hYr hans1 konkret vaxt kYsiyindY potensial tYlYbat1n1 Yks etdirYn sYnYddir. Sifari_  mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdYn zYruri kYmiyyYtdY vY raz1la_d1r1lm1_ keyfiyyYtdY laz1mi mYhsullar1n tYlYb olunan vaxt mddYtindY gndYrilmYsi zrY tYlYblYri zndY birlY_dirYn direktiv sYnYddir. BelYliklY, sifari_Y tYlYbnamYnin konkretlY_dirilmi_ vY detalla_d1r1lm1_ hissYsi kimi baxmaq olar. Al1c1lar1n mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY tYqdim etdiyi sifari_lYr Ysas1nda tYdarkat mqavilYlYri balan1r. 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Bu sifari_ paketindY konkret material resurslar1 n nYzYrdY tutulan potensial tYlYblYr bir qayda olaraq yaranan faktiki tYlYbdYn art1q olmal1, onu qabaqlamal1d1r. Dorudur, byk zaman kYsiyi n bu qabaqlama bir tYrYfdYn material ehtiyatlar1n1n sYviyyYsinin artmas1na, YmtYY formas1nda pul vYsaitlYrinin dondurulmas1na, istehsal1n mYhsul zrY differensiasiyas1nda dYyi_ikliklYrin apar1lma-mas1na sYbYb olsa da, digYr tYrYfdYn isY mYhsulgndYrmYnin ahYngdarl11nda YmYlY gYlY bilYn kYnarla_malar1 zYiflYtmYyY (dempfirlY_dirmYyY) imkan verir. Buna grY dY sifari_lYrin verilmYsi zaman1 qabaqlama vaxt1n1n seilmYsi n mvcud optimal variantlardan istifadY olunmal1d1r. Sifari_lYrin tYrtib edilmYsi zrY siyasYt iqtisadi YdYbiyyatlarda YsasYn c1r1ldayan tYkYr effekti adlan1r. BelY yana_man1n mahiyyYti ondan ibarYtdir ki, tYlYbnamYlYrinY tez vY evik reaksiya verilmYsini arzulayan istehlak1lar  al1c1lar zlYrini rYqiblYrlY mqayisYdY aktiv apar1r vY necY deyYrlYr ham1dan daha ox sYs salmaqla 1x1_ edirlYr Xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici mY'mulatlar1n tYdarkat1 vY gndYrilmYsi prosesinin z  znY tYnzimlYnmYsi nYticYsindY bu proseslYri iqtisadi vY hquqi bax1mdan tYnzimlYyYn mqavilYlYr, kontraktlar vY digYr normativ - hquqi sYnYdYrin rolu YhYmiyyYtli dYrYcYdY art1r. BelYliklY, sifari_lYrin haz1rlanmas1 (kalkulyasiyas1) vY emal1 sahYsindY maddi-texniki tYchizat blmYlYrinin sYrYncam1nda olan metodoloji vY texniki sullar1 nYzYrY almaqla sifari_lYrin haz1rlanmas1 vY emal1 zrY YmYliyyatlar1 mYhz bazar mnasibYt-lYri sisteminin tYlYblYri bax1m1ndan qurmaq laz1md1r. TYbii ki, btn bunlar1 ilkin mYnbYdYn son istehlak1ya qYdYr material ax1nlar1n1n hYrYkYtinY vahid tam kimi bax1lmas1n1 nYzYrdY tutan logistik prinsiplYrin vasitYsilY hYyata keirmYk laz1md1r. Bir szlY tYdarkat logistikas1n1n iqtisadi sYmYrYliliyi maddi-texniki tYminat1n iqtisadi sYmYrYliliyindYn vY ya YksinY as1l1d1r. Sifari_lYrin sYnYdlY_dirilmYsi. 0nzibati - amirlik sistemindY YksYr mYssisY vY tY_kilatlar tYrYfindYn xammal vY materiallara sifari_lYrin verilmYsi n sifari_ - naryadlardan istifadY olunurdu. Bazar subyektlYrinY iqtisadi mstYqillik vYd verYn masir iqtisadi _YraitdY istehsal yerlYrinin material resurslar1na tYlYbini rYsmilY_dir-mYk n sifari_lYr paketindYn istifadY olunsa da onun tYrtib vY tYqdim edilmY proseduru direktiv planla_d1rma dvrndYn Ysasl1 surYtdY fYrqlYnir. Firmalarda (_irkYtlYrdY) tYdarkat i_lYri ilY bal1 sYnYdlY_dirmYni sadY _YkildY hYyata keirmYk n standart blank vY ya sYnYd formalar1n1n haz1rlanmas1 zYruriyyYti meydana 1xd1. MYsYlYn, dYniz konosamenti (Bill of Lading), beynYlxalq ykda_1malarda tYtbiq edilYn nYqliyyat sYnYdlYri (Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill), hesab-fakturalar (invoice) vY s. TYtbiq edilYn bu sYnYd formalar1nda a_a1dak1 mY'lumatlar Yks etdirilir: SYnYdin ad1. SYnYdin ad1 onu i_gzar yaz1_malarda mvcud olan sonsuz sayda sYnYd nvlYrindYn fYrqlYndirmYk n tYtbiq edilir. TYdarkat praktikas1nda istifadY olunan sYnYdlYri bir-birindYn fYrqlYndirmYk n tYdarkat, sifari_ vY ya mYhsulgndYrmYlYr zrY sifari_ szlYri kimi qrupla_d1r1lan sYnYd nvlYrindYn istifadY olunur. S1ra nmrYsi. S1ra nmrYsi sifari_ nsxYlYrinY YlavY edilYn sYnYdlYrdY (YmtYY-nYqliyyat qaimYsi, yk gmrk deklarasiyas1, hesab-faktura, mYhsullar1n sertifika-siyas1 vY s.) istifadY olunur. Xammal vY materiallar1n tYdarkat1 zaman1 sYnYdlYrin s1ra nmrYsi ilY nmrYlYnmYsi sYnYdlYrin ard1c1l y11lmas1na vY laz1mi sYnYdin tez axtar1l1b tap1lmas1na kmYklik gstYrir. Firman1n (_irkYtin) ad1 vY hquqi nvan1. SYnYdlYrdY sifari_i firman1n ad1n1n vY hquqi nvan1n1n olmas1 ilkin olaraq tYdarkat zrY tYrYfda_1n hquqi _Yxs statuslu tYsYrrfat subyekti olmas1n1 tYsdiq vY tYsbit edir. Firman1n (_irkYtin) ad1 onun gYlYcYk bazar fYaliyyYtindY yksYk imic qazanmas1na dolay1 da olsa tY'sir gstYrir. Bu bax1mdan tYdarkat zrY tYrYfda_a evrilYn istehlak1 (gYlYcYkdY malalan) vY istehsal1 firmalar (gYlYcYkdY mYhsulgndYrYn adlanmaqla) aras1nda mqavilYlYrinin balanmas1 n belY sYpkili informasiyan1n olmas1 onlar1n biri - birini tan1mas1na Ysas verir. Yk vY bank gstYricilYrini zndY Yks etdirYn bu mY'lumat1n mvcudluu mYhsul partiyalar1n1n vY hesab fakturalar1n gndYrilmYsinY, elYcY dY tYsYrrfat vY ya mlki iddialar zrY yaz1_malar1n vaxt1nda hYyata keirilmYsinY _Yrait yarad1r. Sifari_lYr zrY javabdehlik. Sifari_ blanklar1nda mal-material qiymYtlilYrinin gndYrilmYsi ilY YlaqYdar yarana bilYcYk problemlYri operativ hYll etmYk n cavabdeh olan vY ya mYsuliyyYt da_1yan _Yxsin ad1, soyad1 vY i_ telefonu gstYril-mYlidir. AdYtYn mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY nvanlanmas1 nYzYrdY tutulan sifari_lYrin haz1rlanmas1 zaman1 firmadaxili hYr bir _bY sifari_ sYnYdlYrindY (blanklar1nda) o icraedici _YxslYri qeyd edirlYr ki, onlar hYm mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin tYlYbini dYyY bilsin, hYm dY firma daxilindY mvafiq sifari_in icra edilmYsi ilY bal1 tY_kilati-iqtisadi mYsYlYlYr zrY ixtisasla_m1_ mtYxYssis olsun. Bu meyarlar Ysas1nda cavabdeh _YxslYrin seilmYsi mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin hYyata keirilmYsi prosesindY meydana 1xan cari problemlYrin hYll edilmYsini srYtlYndirir vY istehsal prosesindY fasilYlYrin yaranmas1na imkan vermir. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrin ad1, nvan1 vY sifari_in tarixi. MYhsulgndYrmYlYrin vaxt1 vY gndYrilYn material resurslar1n1n kYmiyyYti. Al1najaq material resurslar1n1n tYsviri. MYhsulgndYrilYn yerin nvan1  yk gstYrijilYri. Bir ox hallarda firma vY _irkYtlYrin hquqi nvanlar1 onlar1n mal-material qiymYtlilYrinin qYbulu nvan1 ilY eyniyyYt tY_kil etmir. Buna grY dY sifari_ sYnYdlYrindY (blanklar1nda) materiallar1n qYbulu nvan1 - dYmir yolu stansiyas1, liman1n vY ya portun ad1, giri_ dYmir yolunun (vetkan1n) kodu dYqiq gstYrilmYlidir. QiymYt. Sifari_ blanklar1nda gndYrilYcYk material resurslar1 ilY bal1 meydana 1xan mbahisYli mYsYlYlYrY yol vermYmYk n istehlak1 firmalar onlar1 tY'min edYn qiymYt haqq1nda zYruri mY'lumatlar1 qeyd etmYlidir. Bir qayda olaraq mYhsullar1n al1_ qiymYtlYri, mYhsulgndYrmYlYrlY bal1 franko qiymYtlYri, mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin ticarYt gzY_tlYri vY YlavY xidmYtlYrY grY haqlar bu mY'lumat1n tYrkib hissYlYrini tY_kil edir. dYmY _YrtlYri. Sat1lacaq vY ya al1nacaq mYhsullara grY dYmY _YrtlYrinin sifari_ blanklar1nda dYqiq mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi tYrYflYrin iqtisadi fYaliyyYtlYrinin nYticYlYrinY Ysasl1 tY'sir gstYrir. Al1c1 vY sat1c1n1n maraqlar1n1 nYzYrY alan dYmY _YrtlYri: dYmYlYrin operativ vY Ylveri_li olmas1n1 tY'min etmYk; gndYrilmi_ mYhsullara grY sat1c1lardan tYdiyyYlYrin al1nmas1n1 tY'min etmYk; al1nan tYdiyyYlYrY grY mYhsullar1n zYruri vaxtda gndYrilmYsinY _Yrait yaratmaq; inflyasiyan1n mvcudluu vY valyuta kurslar1nda dYyi_ikliklYrin ba_ verdiyi zaman sat1c1 vY al1c1n1n kommersiya vY tYsYrrfat maraqlar1n1n qorunmas1 kimi mYsYlYlYri hYll etmYlidir. MYhz mxtYlif hesabla_ma formalar1n1n tYtbiq edilmYsi formas1ndan as1l1 olmayaraq sifari_ilYrlY mYhsulgndYrYnlYr aras1nda maliyyY anla_1lmazl1qlar1na imkan yaratmamaq n sifari_ blanklar1nda hYr iki tYrYfin bank gstYricilYri ayd1n vY dzgn gstYrilmYlidir. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsinY qoyulan tYlYblYr. TYdarkat logistikas1nda mhm problemlYrdYn biri mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi hesab olunur. Bu problemin aktuall11 tYkcY masir tYdarkat bazar1nda eyni material vY ya istehsal resurslar1na malik olan oxlu sayda mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin fYaliyyYt gstYrmYsilY deyil, onlar1n istehlak1 firmalarda logistik strategiyan1n realla_d1r1lmas1 n nY qYdYr e'tibarl1 YmYkda_a evrilmYsi ilY sYciyyYlYnir. Logistikaya aid iqtisadi YdYbiyyatlarda mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi mYrhYlYlYri _Ykil 8.6-da tYsvir edilmi_dir. Konkret nv (e_id) material resurslar1 zrY mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi istehlak1 firman1n mYqbul hesab etdiyi mvafiq meyarlar oxluuna Ysaslan1r. Bu meyarlar vY ya onlar1n YhYmiyyYtliliyinY grY s1ralanmas1 istehlak1 firmalar1n biznes fYaliyyYtinin strateji vY taktiki mYqsYdlYrindYn as1l1 olaraq mYyyYnlY_dirilir. MYhz buna grY dY mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi zaman1 Ysas meyar: tYklif edilYn xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici materiallar1n qiymYti, material vY istehsal resurslar1n1n keyfiyyYti vY firmalar tYrYfindYn al1c1lar1n tYdarkat predmetlYri ilY tY'min edilmYsi zaman1 gstYrdiklYri xidmYtin keyfiyyYti xsusi YhYmiyyYt kYsb edir. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsindY kifayYt qYdYr (mYsYlYn, YllidYn art1q) vacib hesab edilYn digYr mhm meyarlar da mvcuddur. Bura mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY al1c1lar aras1nda mYsafY vY onlar1n corafi mvqelYri, cari vY tYcili sifari_lYrin yerinY yetirilmYsi mddYti, mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdY ehtiyat istehsal gclYrinin mvcudluu vY mYhsullar1n keyfiyyYtinin idarY edilmYsinin tY_kili, mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin istehlak1 firmalara gndYrdiklYri avadanl1qlar1 laz1m olan ehtiyat hissYlYrilY tY'min etmYk qabiliyyYti vY istehlak1 firmalara texniki lizinq qaydas1nda xidmYt gstYrmYsi mmknly, istehsal1 vY mYhsulgndYrYn firmalar1n maliyyY vYziyyYti vY kredit vermYk imkanlar1, mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin etibarl1l11 vY istehlak1 firmalar1n tYlYbatlar1n1n dolun dYnilmYsi qabiliyyYti, istehsal1n perspektiv inki_af1 vY art1m1, YmYk kollektivindY psixoloji mhit vY s. aid edilir. Qeyd edilYn amillYr aras1nda gndYrilYn mYhsullar1n keyfiyyYti mYhsulgndYrYn-lYrin seilmYsi vY istehsal1n sYmYrYli tY_kili bax1m1ndan Yn vacibi hesab olunur. TYdarkata cavabdehlik mYsuliyyYti da_1yan istehlak1 firman1n logistik menecerlYri gndYrilYn mYhsullar1n faktiki parametrlYrinin standartlara (vY ya balanm1_ mqavilYlYrY) uyun olmas1n1 yoxlay1rlar. AdYtYn istehsal1 firmalarda belY nYzarYt i_lYri haz1r mYhsullar1n bazara 1x1_1 zaman1 hYyata keirilir. gYr mYhsulgndYrYn vY istehlak1 firmalar bir - birini uzun mddYt tan1y1rlarsa vY mYhsulgndYrYnin etibarl1l11 istehlak1 firmalarda he bir ehtimal1n yaranmas1na sYbYb olmursa, onda YksYr hallarda bu sYpkili yoxlama - nYzarYt i_lYri apar1lm1r. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrin etibarl1l11 - bazar subyektlYri ilY uzunmddYtli YmYkda_l1q YnYnYlYrinin yarad1lmas1nda mhm gstYrici olmaqla istehsal1 firmalar1n keyfiyyYtli material resurslar1 ilY zYruri hYcmdY vY vaxtda tYmin edilmYsi tYlYbinin dYnilmYsi qabiliyyYtidir. Etibarl1l1q kompleks gstYrici olmaqla material resurslar1n1n tYdar-kat1 prosesinin btn cYhYtlYrini YhatY edir vY tYdarkat bazar1nda YmYkda_l11n masir JIT lean production tipli mikrologistik strateji prinsipY Ysaslan1r. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsindY gstYrilYn xidmYtin keyfiyyYti gstYricisi isY mYhsulun vY elYcY dY xidmYtin etibarl1l11n1 Yks etdirir. XidmYt  mYhsulgndYr-mYlYrlY bal1 olub bir tYrYfin (istehsal1 vY ya mYhsulgndYrYn firman1n - sat1c1n1n) digYr tYrYfY (istehlak1 firmalara  al1c1ya) tYklif etdiyi, gstYrdiyi fYaliyyYt nvdr. Ona grY dY mYhsulgndYrYnlYr yax_1 xidmYt - yax_1 mYnfYYt dir prinsipindYn 1x1_ etmYklY gstYrilYn xidmYt nvlYrini vY bu xidmYtlYrin dYyYrini art1rmaq, elYcY dY YmYk mYhsuldarl11 ilY bYrabYr xidmYtin daxili keyfiyyYtini yksYltmYyY al1_1rlar. MYhz mYhsulgndYrmYlYrlY bal1 yaranan problemlYrin hYlli sullar1ndan, kiik vY ya byklyndYn as1l1 olmayaraq mYyyYn zaman YrzindY istehlak1 firmalar1n istYr zYruri material resurslar1 ilY tYmin edilmYsi, istYrsY dY istehsal resurslar1n1n istehsal istehlak1na haz1rlanmas1 prosesindY gstYrilYn xidmYt nvlYri onun e'tibarl1 olmas1na zYmanYt verir TYdarkat1n qiymYt zrY tYhlili mrYkkYb vY oxcYhYtli olduundan onun a_a1da qeyd edilYn mYrhYlYlYrlY apar1lmas1 tYlYb olunur: mYhsulun yarad1lmas1 mYrhYlYsindYn son istehlak1ya atd1r1lmas1 an1nadYk qiymYtin tYhlili (tYdarkat xYrclYri dY aid olunmaqla kalkulyasiya maddYlYri zrY NETTO qiymYtinin tY'yin edilmYsi); grlm_ i_lYr vY yerinY yetirilmi_ xidmYtlYrin mumi dYyYrinY YsasasYn hesablanm1_ qiymYtin tYhlili; mYhsullar1n faydal1l1q dYrYcYsinY grY qiymYtlYrin tYhlili; analoji mYhsullar1n qiymYtlYrinin yksYlmYsi zaman1 qiymYtlYrin tYhlili; mYhsul vahidinY YkilYn ilkin xYrclYrY grY qiymYtlYrin tYhlili; sr_kYn qiymYtlYrin kmYyilY apar1lan tYhlil; a1q mYlumatlar - valyuta, birja kurslar1 vY gmrk statistikas1 Ysas1nda qiymYtlYrin tYhlili. Qeyd edilYn meyarlar1n tYtbiq edilmYsi n zYruri olan informasiyalar1n toplanmas1 mxtYlif mYnbYlYrdYn - istehsal1 firman1n znn apard11 xsusi tYdqiqat, bank vY maliyyY institutlar1, potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin rYqiblYri, sYnaye - ticarYt palatas1 vY ya assosiasiyas1, informasiya agentliklYri, dvlYt qeydiyyat palatalar1, vergi, lisenziya xidmYtlYrindYn al1nan mY'lumatlara Ysaslan1r. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi haqq1nda qYrarlar1n qYbul edilmYsi n son mYrhYlY onlar1n s1ralanmas1 (ranjirovkas1) vY reytinq zrY yerlY_dirilmYsi hesab edilir. Bu prosesin apar1lmas1 n vahid mexanizm mvcud deyil vY o, tYbiYt e'tibar1 ilY yarad1c1 xarakter da_1y1r. Son dvrlYrdY praktiki olaraq mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsi i_i firman1n agentlYrinY hYvalY edilir. 0stehsal sahYlYri ilY texniki nYzarYt _'bYsi aras1nda qar_1l1ql1 fYaliyyYti tY'min edYn bu agentlYr btnlklY tYdarkat prosesinY vY ya firman1n tYdarkat _'bYsilY birlikdY tYdarkat1n hYr hans1 bir mYrhYlYsinY kollegial cavabdehlik mY'suliyyYti da_1y1rlar. AgentlYrin tYdarkat i_lYrinin hYyata keirilmYsi mexanizmi firmalar1n znn tYdarkat mexanizmindYn Ysasl1 fYrqlYnir. BelY ki, milli vY ya beynYlxalq tYdarkat bazarlar1nda fYaliyyYt gstYrYn mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin seilmYsilY bal1 YtinliklYrlY rastla_an bu agentlYr ixtisasla_m1_ bro vY vasitYilik missiyas1n1 yerinY yetirYn firmalar1n xidmYtindYn istifadY edirlYr. Bu firma vY brolar1n mYqsYdi mvafiq haqlar Ysas1nda YvvYlcYdYn bYyan edilYn parametrlYr zrY Ylveri_li mYhsulgndYrYnlYri axtar1b tap1r vY meydana 1xan hquqi vY maliyyY mYsYlYlYri haqq1nda mYslYhYtlY_mYlYri hYyata keirirlYr. Al1c1 _irkYtlYr bu brolara zlYrinin YlahiddY sYlahiyyYtlYrini hYvalY edir vY onlarda al1c1lar1n ad1ndan mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin tY_kili, maliyyYlY_dirilmYsi vY realla_d1r1lmas1 ilY bal1 bir s1ra mYsYlYlYri hYll edirlYr. GstYrilYn xidmYtlYrY grY dYmYlYr bir qayda olaraq ya balanan mqavilYnin mumi dYyYrinY, ya da mYnfYYtY grY faizlY hesablan1r. AdYtYn qeyd edilYn firmalar1n xidmYtindYn istifadY olunmas1na istehlak1lar1n vY onlar1n agentlYrinin mraciYt etmYsinY sYbYb yeni sat1_ bazarlar1 vY bu bazarlar n istehsal edilYn mYhsullara prinsip e'tibar1 ilY laz1m olan yeni xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici mYmulat1n YldY edilmYsi zYruriyyYtinin yaranmas1d1r. TYkliflYrin al1nmas1 vY qiymYtlYndirilmYsi. TYdarkat bazar1nda potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdYn tYkliflYrin al1nmas1 vY qiymYtlYndirilmYsi mxtYlif formada tY_kil edilY bilYr. Dnya praktikas1nda msabiqY yolu ilY tijarYt vY mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY istehsal1lar aras1nda yaz1l1 dan1_1qlar bu tY_kilin Yn mtYrYqqi vY geni_ yay1lm1_ formalar1 hesab edilir. MsabiqY tijarYti /tender/ - potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin tap1lmas1 n tYtbiq edilYn YhYmiyyYtli formad1r. MsabiqY ticarYti yksYk qiymYtY malik olan xammal, material vY dYstlY_dirici mYmulatlar1n tYdarkat bazar1nda al1nmas1 tYklif olunduqda vY ya mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY istehlak1lar aras1nda uzunmddYtli tYsYrrfat YlaqYlYri yaratmaq laz1m gYldikdY keirilir. Bu nv ticarYt hYm mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY, hYm dY istehlak1 firmalar n Ylveri_lidir. MYhsulgndYrYnlYr bu vY ya digYr xammal vY materiallar1n istehlak1lar1 ilY gYlYcYkdY quracaqlar1 i_ birliyinin btn _YrtlYri haqq1nda dYqiq mY'lumata malik olmal1d1r. Al1c1 _ahd1r prinsipinY Ysaslanan istehlak1 firmalar isY istYr milli, istYrsY dY beynYlxalq tYdarkat bazarlar1n1n subyektlYri kimi 1x1_ edYn ayr1-ayr1 mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdYn tYkliflYr al1r vY onlar1n iYrisindYn znY iqtisadi bax1mdan (mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin mYhsulgndYrmY intizam1, al1nacaq materiallar1n qiymYti, nYqletmY vasitYlYri vY onlar1n tariflYri, optimal mYhsul partiyas1n1n gndYrilmYsi _YrtlYri vY qaydalar1, mYhsulgndYrYnin corafi mvqeyi vY s.) Ylveri_lisini seir. Tenderin keirilmYsi a_a1dak1 ard1c1ll1qla hYyata keirilir: reklam; tender sYnYdlYrinin haz1rlanmas1; tender sYnYdlYrinin ktlYvi informasiya vasitYlYrindY (qYzet vY jurnallarda) dYrc edilmYsi; tender tYkliflYrinin qYbulu vY onlar1n e'lan edilmYsi; tender tYkliflYrinin qiymYtlYndirilmYsi; ticarYt i_tirak1lar1n1n ixtisasla_ma dYrYcYlYrinin tYsdiq edilmYsi; tYkliflYrin qYbulu vY tYdarkat mqavilYlYrinin balanmas1. MsabiqY ticarYtinin tY_kil edilmYsi mrYkkYb vY oxplanl1 bir i_dir. MYhz buna grY dY dnyan1n inki_af etmi_ lkYlYrindY olduu kimi istehsal1 vY istehlak1 firmalar aras1nda iqtisadi mnasibYtlYrin yksYk sYmYrYli formas1n1n qarant1 olan ticarYtin msabiqY yolu ilY hYyata keirilmYsi mexanizmini bilmYk vY bunun n zYruri sYnYdlY_dirmY i_lYrinin apar1lmas1 vYrdi_lYrinY malik olmaq laz1md1r. MahiyyYt bax1m1ndan oxluq tY_kil edYn tender sYnYdlYri bir s1ra funksiyalar1 yerinY yetirir: ticarYtin keirilmYsi haqq1nda i_tirak1lar1 tY'limatland1r1r; al1nan mYhsullar vY ya gstYrilYn xidmYtlYr haqq1nda q1sa mY'lumatlar verir; tYkliflYrin qiymYtlYndirilmYsi n meyarlar1 mYyyYnlY_dirir; gYlYcYk mqavilYlYrin _YrtlYrini tY'yin edir. Tender tYkliflYrinin qiymYtlYndirilmYsi tender sYnYdlYrindY gstYrilYn meyarlara uyun olaraq ox ciddi _YkildY apar1l1r. QiymYtlYndirmYnin hYyata keirilmYsi YsasYn a_a1dak1 qaydalara Ysaslan1r: tYkliflYrin qiymYtlYndirilmYsini hYyata keirYn tender komitYsinin zvlYri YvvYlcYdYn tY'yin edilir; yaln1z tender sYnYdlYrindY _Yrh edilmi_ tYlYblYrY cavab verY bilYcYk tYkliflYrY bax1l1r; tender sYnYdlYrindY elan olunmu_ qiymYtlYndirmY proseduruna _Yrtsiz riayYt edilir; ticarYt i_tirak1lar1 ilY hYr hans1 ixtiyari dan1_1qlara yol verilmir. Tender komitYsi tender tYkliflYrinin qiymYtlYndirilmYsi haqq1nda hesabat tYrtib edir. Bu hesabatda tender tYkliflYrinin qiymYtlYndirilmYsi Ysasland1r1l1r, qYbul edilmYyYn tYkliflYrin sYbYblYri _Yrh edilir vY gYlYcYkdY mqavilYlYrin balanmas1n1n tvsiyY edilmYsi gstYrilir. MsabiqY ticarYtinin qalibi kimi sYrfYli vY tender tYkliflYrinY yksYk pe_Ykarl1qla cavab verY bilYcYk i_tirak1 qYbul edilir. Praktikada potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdYn tYkliflYrin al1nmas1n1n ba_qa sulu mYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY istehlak1lar aras1nda yaz1l1 dan1_1qlar hesab olunur. Yaz1l1 dan1_1qlar prosesindY istehlak1 firmalar potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrdYn ona laz1m olan mal-material qiymYtlilYrinin gndYrilmYsi n rYsmi tYkliflYr paketi al1r. Bu bir qayda olaraq iki sulla hYyata keirilir. Birinci halda mYhsulgndYrmYlYr zrY yaz1_malara ba_lamaq vY onu qYbul etmYk ideyas1n1 sat1c1 tYklif edir. 0stehsal1lar  sat1c1lar potensial al1c1lara  istehlak1 firmalara mYhsullar haqq1nda zYl tYkliflYrini (vY ofert) gndYrirlYr. Bu sYnYdlYr msabiqY yolu ilY ticarYtin keirilmYsi zaman1 al1nan tYkliflYrlY demYk olar ki, eyniyyYt tY_kil edir. TYkliflYrin ciddi tY'yin edildiyi msabiqY ticarYtindYn fYrqli olaraq yaz1l1 dan1_1qlar zaman1 ofertlYr mxtYlif forma vY mYzmuna malik ola bilYr. AdYtYn offertlYr mYhsullar1n ad1, mYhsullar1n kYmiyyYti vY keyfiyyYti, qiymYti, gndYrmY vaxt1 vY _YrtlYri, dYmYnin _YrtlYri, tara vY qabla_d1rman1n xarakteristikas1 vY tYhvil (tYslim) qaydalar1 kimi gstYricilYri zlYrindY Yks etdirir. OfertlYr ciddi vY sr_kYn (sYrbYst) olur. Ciddi ofertlYr ofertin fYaliyyYt mddYti gstYrilmYklY yaln1z bir al1c1ya gndYrilir. Ofertin fYaliyyYt mddYti YrzindY sat1c1 z ilkin _YrtlYrini dYyi_Y bilmYz. gYr al1c1lar bu mddYt YrzindY sat1c1lar1n tYklifinY he bir reaksiya vermirlYrsY, onda tYklif qYbul edilmYmi_ hesab olunur vY sat1c1 tYklif azadl11na malik olur. Daha dorusu, mddYt ba_a atd1qdan sonra sat1c1 bu tYkliflY yeni al1c1lara mraciYt edY bilmYk imkan1 qazan1r. gYr tYkliflYr al1c1 tYrYfindYn qYbul edilirsY onda o, sat1c1ya ofertin fYaliyyYt mddYti YrzindY tYkliflYrin qYbul edilmYsi haqq1nda mvafiq informasiya gndYrir. Bir ox hallarda al1c1 tYklif edilmi_ mYhsul partiyas1n1n qiymYti, hYcmi, gndYrmY _YrtlYri vY mddYti ilY raz1la_m1rsa sat1c1ya znn mYqbul hesab etdiyi Yks tYkliflYri nvanlaya bilYr. KontragentlYr tYkliflYrin fYaliyyYt mddYti YrzindY raz1la_ma YldY edY bilmirlYrsY dan1_1qlar sat1c1n1n ciddi ofert zrY hdYliklYrini nYzYrY almadan davam etdirilir. Ciddi ofertlYr bir qayda olaraq Yn'YnYvi YmYkda_lara gndYrilir. SYrbYst ofertlYr al1c1ya mnasibYtdY sat1c1n1n he bir hdYliyini nYzYrdY tutmur. Bu cr ofertlYr qeyri-mYhdud sayda potensial al1c1lara gndYrilir vY zndY yuxar1da qeyd edilYn gstYricilYrdYn YlavY reklam zrY informasiya materiallar1n1 birlY_dirir. Potensial al1c1lara daxil olmu_ tYkliflYrin qiymYtlYndirilmYsi n mxtYlif sullardan istifadY edilir. Bu msabiqY ticarYtindY olduu kimi ciddi reqlament-lY_dirilmi_ proses dY ola bilYr. TYkliflYrin qiymYtlYndirilmYsindY Ysas meyar mYhsul partiyas1n1n yksYk keyfiyyYti ilY bu partiyaya daxil olan mYhsullar1n minimal qiymYtlYrinin uzla_d1r1lmas1ndan ibarYtdir. MYhsulgndYrYnlYrlY vY al1c1lar aras1nda yaz1l1 dan1_1qlar1n tY_kil edilmYsinin ikinci sulunda dan1_1qlara ba_lan1lmas1 ideyas1 al1j1lar tYrYfindYn verilir. Al1c1 potensial mYhsulgndYrYnlYrY tYklif (ofert) almaq mYqsYdilY kommersiya mYktubu vY ya soru gndYrir. Bu tip sorularda qiymYtdYn ba_qa (cavab tYklifindY mYyyYnlY_ir) btn laz1mi rekvizitlYr  mYhsulun ad1, tYlYb olunan keyfiyyYt, mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin mddYti vY _YrtlYri, dYmYlYr haqq1nda mY'lumatlar z Yksini tapmal1d1r. Potensial al1c1 znn sabit kontragentinY mraciYt etdikdY, bu sorular sifari_lYrlY YvYzlYnir. 8.3. TDARKAT ZR HESABLA^MALARIN SAS FORMALARI V QAYDALARI mtYYlik mYhsul vY onun haz1rlanmas1 n laz1m olan komponentlYrin istehsal1, sat1_1 vY istifadYsi prosesindY mYssisYlYr vY logistik vasitYilik missiyas1n1 hYyata keirYn firmalar aras1nda pul dvriyyYsini YmYlY gYtirYn iqtisadi mnasibYtlYr yaran1r. HYr hans1 hesabla_ma formas1n1n tYtbiq edilmYsi mYhsulun xarakterindYn, tYhvil-qYbul yerindYn vY qaydas1ndan as1l1 olaraq lkYnin milli qanunvericilik aktlar1 vY normativ sYnYdlYri ilY mYyyYn edilir vY mYhsulgndYrmYlYr zrY balanm1_ mqavilYlYrdY z Yksini tap1r. Ayd1nd1r ki, firmalar (_irkYtlYr) aras1nda hesabla_ma YmYliyyatlar1 al1c1n1n mvafiq banklarda olan hesablar1ndan (cari, valyuta vY s.) mYhsulgndYrYnlYrin mvafiq hesablar1na konkret (vY ya tYlYb olunan) maliyY vYsaitini krlmYklY qeyri-nYd qaydada hYyata keirilir. Bundan ba_qa mYhsullar1n al1nmas1 vY ya sat1_1 zaman1 milli (mYrkYzi) bank1n icazY verdiyi hallarda nYd hesabla_ma qaydalar1 da tYtbiq edilir. Milli iqtisadiyyatda pul hesabla_malar1 YmtYY vY qeyri-YmtYY YmYliyyatlar1 zrY hesabla_malara blnr. mtYY YmYliyyatlar1 zrY hesabla_malara material resurslar1n1n vY ya haz1r mYhsulun sat1_1, xidmYtlYrin gstYrilmYsi vY maddi vYsaitlYrin sistemdaxili bl_drl-mYsi ilY YlaqYdar olaraq ba_qa tYsYrrfat YmYliyyatlar1 n mYssisY vY firmalar aras1ndak1 hesabla_malar aid edilir. Qeyri-YmtYY YmYliyyatlar1 zrY hesabla_malar isY bdcYyY dYni_, bankdan mxtYlif mYqsYdlYr n kredit al1nmas1 vY geri qaytar1l-mas1, qeyri-YmtYY YmYliyyatlar1 zrY faizlYrin dYnilmYsi, mYnfYYt, amortizasiya ay1rmalar1 vY dvriyyY vYsaitlYrinin sistemdaxili bl_drlmYsi ilY YlaqYdar hesab-la_malardan ibarYdir. Btn bu YmYliyyatlar zrY firma (_irkYtlYr) vY mYssisYlYr (tY_kilatlar) aras1nda hesabla_malar apar1ld1qda bir s1ra prinsiplYrY riayYt olun-mal1d1r: hesabla_malar material resurslar1 vY ya haz1r mYhsullar yklYnib gndYril-dikdYn, xidmYtlYr isY gstYrildikdYn sonra, ondan YvvYl vY ya onlarla eyni vaxta apar1lmal1d1r; banklar haqq1nda qanunda vY bank tYlimatlar1nda nYzYrdY tutulmu_ hallar istisna olmaqla tYdiyyY dYyicinin raz1l11 Ysas1nda apar1lmal1d1r; al1c1 (istehlak1) hesabla_ma sYnYdlYri zrY dYni_lYrdYn yaln1z mYhsulgndYrmYlYri tYnzimlYyYn normativ hquqi sYnYdlYrdY, mqavilYlYrdY vY bank tYlimatlar1nda gstYrilmi_ sYbYblYrY grY imtina edY bilYr; hesabla_ma dYyicinin xsusi vYsaiti (limitlY_dirilmi_ vY ya limitlY_dirilmYmi_ ek kitabalar1 vY akkreditivlYrlY hesabla_ma apar1lmas1 hallar1 istisna olmaqla) vY ya cYlb edilmi_ vYsaitlYr hesab1na apar1lmal1d1r; tYlYb olunan maliyyY vYsaitlYri mYhsulgndYrYnin hesab1na yaln1z hYmin mYblY dYyicinin hesab1ndan silindikdYn sonra daxil edilir. HYr hans1 hesabla_ma formas1n1n tYtbiqi hYm material resurslar1 vY haz1r mYhsulun xarakterindYn, qYbul  tYhvil yerindYn vY qaydas1ndan, hYm dY bir s1ra ba_qa _YrtlYrdYn as1l1 olaraq mqavilYlYrlY mYyyYnlY_dirilir. mtYY vY xidmtlYr zrY qeyri - nYd hesabla_malar a_a1dak1 formalarlda hYyata keirilir: tYdiyyY tap_1r1qlar1; akkreditiv; plan tYdiyyYlYri; veksellYr; eklYr; klirinq; tYdiyyY tYlYbnamYlYri; xsusi hesablar; inkassa tap_1r1qlar1 (vYsaitlYr sYrYncam vasitYsilY mbahisYsiz silindikdY); plastik kartlarla. TYdarkat praktikas1nda istifadY edilYn hesabla_man1n formalar1 bir - birindYn sYnYd dvriyyYsi vY tYdiyyY vasitYlYrinin nvnY grY fYrqlYnir. Hesabla_ma formalar1n1n seilmYsinY mYhsullar1n nv, onlar1n tYlYb vY tYklifi aras1ndak1 nisbYt, tYdarkat i_lYri zrY tYrYfda_lar aras1nda kommersiya YlaqYlYrinin xarakteri, tYrYfda_lar1n bir-birinY mYkanca yax1nl11, corafi mvqeyi vY mYhsullar1n nYql edilmYsi sullar1, hesabla_ma YmYliyyatlar1n1n YmYk tutumluluu, tYrYfda_lar1n maliyyY imkanlar1 vY maliyyY vYsaitlYrinin dvr srYti tYsir gstYrir. Buna grY dY elY hesabla_ma formas1 semYk laz1md1r ki, o, i_gzar tYrYfda_lar n Ylveri_li olmaqla bYrabYr onlar1n aras1ndak1 tYsYrrfat YlaqYlYrinin xarakterini daha dzgn Yks etdirY bilsin. 8.4. TDARKATIN HQUQ0 SASLARI TYdarkat YmYliyyatlar1n1n normal apar1lmas1 tYdarkat zrY mqavilYlYr vY onlar1n yerinY yetirilmYsindYn as1l1d1r. TYdarkat1n Ysas1n1 tY_kil edYn bu mqavilYlYrin balanmas1 n tYsYrrfat hququnun Ysaslar1 haqq1nda mkYmmYl vY geni_ biliyY malik olmaq tYlYb olunur. BeynYlxalq sYpkili tYdarkat YmYliyyatlar1n1n yerinY yetirilmYsi prosesindY tYrYflYr mYnsub olduqlar1 lkYlYr aras1nda mvcud olan ikitYrYfli mqavilYlYrdY ticarYt mnasibYtlYrinin tYnzimlYnmYsi mYsYlYlYri zrY hdYliklYr vY onlar1n yerinY yetirilmYsi _YrtlYrini mtlYq nYzYrY almal1d1rlar. Bu zaman beynYlxalq sYpkili mqavilYlYr vY onun _YrtlYrinin hYr bir lkYnin milli qanunvericilik normalar1na uyun gYlmYsinY xsusi diqqYt yetirmYk laz1m gYlir. BelY beynYlxalq mqavilYlYr hYr bir lkYnin icraedici strukturlar1 tYrYfindYn balanan mxtYlif adlara malik olan sYnYdlYrdYn, mYsYlYn, TicarYt vY dYniz nYqliyyat1 haqq1nda mqavilY, TicarYt vY iqtisadi YmYkda_l1q haqq1nda mqavilY, Klirinq hesabla_malar1 haqq1nda mqavilY vY sairYdYn ibarYtdir. Bu tip mqavilYlYr vY niyyYt protokollar1nda tYdarkat YmYliyyatlar1 zrY i_tirak1lar1 maraqland1ran mYqamlar: mYhsullar1n gmrk bax1_1na (rsum vY y11mlar) cYlb edilmYsinY tY'sir gstYrYn qar_1l1ql1 ticarYt rejiminin tY'yin edilmYsi; ticarYt YmYliyyatlar1 zrY bu vY ya digYr mYhdudiyyYtlYr; ticarYt vY digYr tYdiyyYlYr zrY valyuta hesabla_malar1; klirinq svdYlY_mYlYri; raz1la_d1r1lm1_ tYrYflYr n mYhsulgndYrmY _YrtlYrinin mumi xarakterliyi; ticarYtin obyekti vY s. ibarYtdir. Buna grY dY tYdarkat YmYliyyatlar1n1 yerinY yetirmYzdYn YvvYl mYhsul-gndYrYn vY ya alan (kontragent) lkYlYr aras1nda ticarYt mqavilYlYrinin mvcud olmas1 vY bu mqavilY zrY yerinY yetirilmYsi mYcburi hesab edilYn hdYliklYr dYqiq vY hYrtYrYfli yrYnilmYlidir. TicarYtin apar1lmas1 _YrtlYrini al1c1 vY ya sat1c1 firmalar mstYqil formada vY ya mYslYhYt (konsaltinq) firmalar1n1n kmYyilY yrYnY bilYrlYr. NYticY e'tibar1 ilY bu hdYliklYr vY onlar1n icra edilmYsi sYviyyYsinin tYdqiqi minimum mYsrYflYrlY nYticYlYrin operativ al1nmas1na tY'minat verir, vaxt itkisini azald1r, gYlYcYkdY tYrYflYr aras1nda iqtisadi mbahisYlYrin yaranmas1 hallar1n1 aradan qald1r1r. BeynYlxalq ticarYt YmYliyyatlar1n1n normativ tYnzimlYnmYsinin digYr mhm formas1 beynYlxalq tY_kilatlar1n (mYsYlYn, Avropa iqtisadi komissiyas1n1n) i_lYyib haz1rlad1qlar1 oxcYhYtli konvensiyalar hesab edilir. Buna grY dY BMT-nin 1980-ci ildY Vyanada keirilYn Konvensiyas1 beynYlxalq sYpkili tYdarkat (alq1-satq1) mqavilYlYrinin balanmas1 haqq1nda Ysas ilkin _YrtlYri mYyyYnlY_dirmi_dir. Konvensiya yaln1z o ticarYt tYrYfda_lar1 n Ylveri_lidir ki, onlar1n Ysas ticarYt _YbYkYlYri (mYssisYlYri) vY ya tYdarkat bazar1 konvensiyan1n i_tirak1lar1 olan mxtYlif dvlYtlYrdY yerlY_mi_ olsun. TYdarkat praktikas1nda nmunYvi mqavilYlYr mYhsulun hans1 bazardan (regional, milli vY beynYlxalq) al1nmas1ndan as1l1 olmayaraq bir qayda olaraq bir mYhsul nomenklaturas1 vY ya mYhsul partiyas1 n tYtbiq edilir. MqavilYnin Ysas elementlYri. 1.TYkliflYrin verilmYsi vY qYbulu. MqavilY tYdarkat zrY tYrYfda_lardan hYr hans1 birinin konkret qiymYt vY mYhsulgndYrmY _YrtlYrini zndY Yks etdirYn ixtiyari mYhsul partiyas1n1 tYklif etdikdY vY digYr tYrYfin isY bu tYkliflYri (bYzi hallarda dzYli_lYr apar1lmaqla) qYbul etdiyi hallarda rYsmilY_dirilir. 2. MaliyyY _YrtlYri. MqavilY o vaxt hquqi gcY malik olur ki, burada tYrYflYrin maliyyY tYhYdddlYri nYzYrY al1nm1_ olsun. YY'ni, tYrYflYr aras1nda hans1 hesabla_ma formalar1ndan istifadY olunmas1, istehlak1lar1n al1nan material qiymYtlilYrinin dYyYrini dYmYsi vY ya gec dYmYsi _YrtlYri, keyfiyyYtsiz mYhsulgndYrmYlYr, mYhsul-lar1n kYmiyyYtcY at1_mamas1 vY sairYyY grY tYtbiq edilYn iqtisadi sanksiyalar maliyyY _YrtlYrinY aid edilir. 3.MqavilYnin balanmas1 n sYlahiyyYt hquqlu _YxslYr. MqavilYnin balanmas1 n firma vY ya mYssisY tYrYfindYn vYkil edilmi_ vY ya onun ad1ndan 1x1_ etmYk hququna malik olan mYyyYn kateqoriyal1 _YxslYr (prezident, direktor, ba_ direktor) sYlahiyyYtli hesab olunurlar. 4. MqavilYnin qanunauyunluu. MqavilY lkYnin hquq normalar1n1n tYlYblYrinY tam cavab vermYlidir. MYsYlYn, lkY qanunvericiliyi ilY istehsal1 qadaan edilmi_ mYhsullar n balanm1_ tYdarkat mqavilYlYri qeyri -qanuni say1l1r. TYdarkat mqavilYlYrindY material resurslar1n1n qiymYtini mYyyYn edYn zaman mYhsullar1n l vahidlYri, bazis qiymYti, tYsbit (qeyd) etmY sulu, qiymYtin real bazar sYviyyYsi kimi gstYricilYr nYzYrY al1nmal1d1r. MYhsullar1n l vahidlYri YvvYldY qeyd olunduu kimi bu mYhsullar1n xarakterindYn vY beynYlxalq logistikada mvcud olan praktik tYcrbYdYn as1l1d1r. MYhsulgndYrmYlYr zaman1 mYhsullar1n qabla_d1r1lmas1, markalanmas1 vY konversiya (mhafizY etmY, saxlama) dYyYrlYri, lixter (iri yk gYmilYrindY yklYmY  bo_altma YmYliyyatlar1n1n apar1lmas1 n istifadY olunan yast1 dibli yelkYnli gYmidir) i_lYrinin, o cmlYdYn kranlardan istifadY, mYhsullar1n gYminin bortuna yklYnmYsi, yerlY_dirilmYsi vY YmYliyyatlar1n yerinY yetirilmYsi ilY bal1 YkilYn xYrclYrin, habelY hYr nv vergilYr, gmrk haqlar1n1n tYrYflYrdYn kimin dYmYsi n mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin bazis qiymYtlYri (mYhsulun qiymYtinY daxil edilYn, onun dYyYrini art1ran) - _YrtlYrindYn istifadY olunur. MqavilYlYrdY mYhsulgndYrmYlYrin bazis qiymYtlYrinin mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi mhm YhYmiyyYt da_1y1r. nki, bu qiymYt mYhsullar1n nYql edilmYsi  da_1nmas1 ilY bal1 xYrclYri bu vY ya digYr dYrYcYdY zndY Yks etdirir. Bu qiymYtlYr idxal, ixrac vY ya tranzit lkYnin valyutas1 ilY gstYrilY bilYr. Balanan tYdarkat mqavilYlYrindY mYhsullar1n qiymYti ilY bal1 mYsYlYlYr mxtYlif cr tYnzimlYnir. BYzi tYdarkat mqavilYlYrindY mYhsulun qiymYtinin mqavilYnin qvvYdY olduu dvrlYrdY dYyi_mYz qalmas1 haqq1nda raz1la_ma tYsbit olunursa, bir qisim mqavilYlYr n isY qiymYtlYrin gndYlik qiymYt cYdvYllYri Ysas1nda mYyyYnlY_dirilmYsi Ysas gtrlr. YOXLAMA SUALLARI: 1.TYdarkat1n mahiyyYti, mYzmunu vY obyektiv zYruriliyi haqda nY deyY bilYrsiz? 2. TYdarkat logistikas1nda bazarlar vY onlar1n spesifik xsusiyyYti nYdir? 3. MYqsYd bazar1n1n tutumunun mYyyYn edilmYsi necY apar1l1r? 4. TYdarkat logistikas1n1n fYaliyyYt mexanizmi 5. TYdarkat1n planla_d1r1lmas1 necY hYyata keirilir? 6. TYlYbat1n hesablanmas1nda istifadY olunan metodlar hans1lard1r? 7. MYhsulgndYrYnlYr vY onlar1n seilmYsi metodlar1n1 sadalay1n. 8. Tenderin keirilmYsi mexanizmi necY hYyata keirilir?     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